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1 member-states' contribution
взносы / размер взносов государств-членовEnglish-russian dctionary of diplomacy > member-states' contribution
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2 contribution
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3 contribution
n1. внесок, вклад2. внесок (грошовий тощо), пожертва3. контрибуція, податок- member-states contribution внесок/ розмір внеску держав-членів- noticeable contribution значний внесок- vital contribution суттєвий внесок- contribution to the cause of peace внесок у справу миру- contribution to the election внесок у виборчу кампанію- contribution to international detente внесок у розрядку міжнародної напруженості- contribution to science внесок в науку- contribution to stability внесок у забезпечення стабільності- to make a contribution to smth. зробити внесок у -
4 contribution
n1) вклад (во что-л.); содействие (чему-л.)2) взнос (денежный и т.п.); пожертвования3) контрибуция•to accept contributions — принимать взносы / пожертвования
to apportion the contributions among members — определять размеры взносов членов (организации, союза и т.п.)
to make a contribution — вносить / делать взнос; делать пожертвование
to make a contribution to smth — вносить / делать вклад во что-л.; способствовать чему-л.; содействовать чему-л.
to reduce contributions — сокращать сумму взносов / пожертвований
to withdraw one's overdue contributions from the UN — отказываться от уплаты своей задолженности по взносам в ООН
- annual contributionsto withhold contributions — задерживать уплату взносов (в международную организацию и т.п.)
- assessed contributions
- budget contributions
- campaign contributions
- considerable contribution
- contribution to the common cause
- contributions of member-states
- effective contribution
- essential contribution
- financial contributions
- government contribution
- great contribution
- important contribution
- incontestable contribution
- invaluable contribution
- mandatory contribution
- monetary contributions
- optional contribution
- outstanding contribution
- payable contributions
- positive contribution
- significant contribution
- substantial contribution
- tangible contribution
- token contribution
- voluntary contribution
- weighty contribution -
5 взнос
эк.1) (платёж) deposit, installment, paymentвносить взнос — to deposit, to pay in
делать / производить взнос — to make a deposit, to pay an instal(l)ment
учитывать взнос — to credit, to enter a deposit to / in account, to account an installment
еженедельными / ежемесячными / полугодовыми взносами — by weakly / monthly / semi-annual installments
взнос вклада — depositing, placing a deposit
взнос наличными — cash deposit / payment
2) (внесённые деньги) fee, dues, subscription; (долевой или пропорциональный) contribution; (взысканный) exaction; (пожертвования) donationзадержать уплату взносов (в международную организацию и т.п.) — to withhold contributions
вступительный взнос — admission / affiliation / entrance / initiation fee
добровольный взнос — optional / voluntary contribution
членский взнос — membership fee / dues
страна, вносящая взнос — contributor
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6 Unterstützung
Unterstützung f 1. COMP support; 2. GEN aid, boost, backing, backup, encouragement, promotion, subsidization, sponsorship; 3. MGT support; 4. SOZ assistance, support, benefit; 5. WIWI backing, support (finanziell); maintenance payments, maintenance allowances, relief payments (ZB) • mit Unterstützung von GEN through the agency of* * *f 1. < Comp> support; 2. < Geschäft> aid, boost, backing, backup, encouragement, promotion, subsidization, sponsorship; 3. < Mgmnt> support; 4. < Sozial> assistance, support, benefit; 5. <Vw> finanziell backing, support, ZB maintenance payments, maintenance allowances, relief payments ■ mit Unterstützung von < Geschäft> through the agency of* * *Unterstützung
(Arbeitslose) unemployment benefit, dole (Br.), (Förderung) furtherance, encouragement, patronization, boost, promotion, support, arm, (Fürsorge) relief, (Hilfe) support, help[ing], assistance, aid, (Sozialversicherungsleistung) benefit, (Spende) contribution, sign-up, (Subvention) grant, (Unterhaltsgewährung) maintenance, alimony;
• auf Ihre Unterstützung angewiesen depending on you for support;
• auf städtische Unterstützung angewiesen on the parish (town, US);
• mit Unterstützung von with the support of, (Rundfunkprogramm) presented by courtesy of;
• mit mit kommunaler Unterstützung rate-aided (Br.);
• mit Unterstützung aus staatlichen Mitteln state-aided, bountyfed;
• ohne Unterstützung unbacked, unhelped, (Wohlfahrtsempfänger) unaided, unrelieved;
• zur Unterstützung von in aid of;
• anstaltsinterne Unterstützung institutional (indoor) relief (Br.);
• von der Gewerkschaft ausgehandelte Unterstützung union benefit;
• bar ausgezahlte Unterstützung cash assistance;
• fachliche Unterstützung technical aid;
• finanzielle Unterstützung pecuniary assistance, financial help (backing), accommodation, (durch kommunale Stellen) municipal aid;
• maßgebliche finanzielle Unterstützung substantial funding;
• gegenseitige Unterstützung mutual aid (assistance), log-rolling (US);
• geldliche Unterstützung pecuniary aid (assistance);
• von der Gemeinde gewährte (gemeindliche) Unterstützung parish relief (Br.), community support;
• in der arbeitslosen Zeit gezahlte Unterstützung off-season subsidy;
• kommunale Unterstützung rate aid (Br.), parish relief;
• mangelnde Unterstützung lack of support;
• öffentliche Unterstützung pauper (poor) relief (Br.), public welfare (aid, assistance), outdoor (Br.) (public, US) relief;
• politische Unterstützung endorsement, political backing;
• staatliche Unterstützung government support (backing), government[al] assistance, grant, subsidy, subsidizing, subvention, state-aid (US), (für Kommunalaufgaben) municipal support, grant-in-aid (US), Exchequer equalization grant (Br.);
• tatkräftige Unterstützung strong-arm treatment;
• technische Unterstützung technical aid;
• vorläufige Unterstützung interim relief;
• vorübergehende Unterstützung temporary relief;
• weitgehende Unterstützung large support;
• werbliche Unterstützung advertising support;
• wesentliche Unterstützung material support;
• projektgebundene wirtschaftliche Unterstützung (Entwicklungsländer) commodity (tied) aid;
• zuerkannte Unterstützung affirmative relief;
• zusätzliche Unterstützung additional benefit;
• Unterstützung durch die Aktionäre shareholder (stockholder, US) support;
• Unterstützung durch Anstaltsfürsorge indoor (institutional, Br.) relief;
• Unterstützung eines Antrags seconding a motion;
• Unterstützung durch Arbeiterstimmen im ganzen Land labo(u)r’s national support;
• Unterstützung der Armen contribution to the poor, pauper (poor) relief (Br.);
• staatliche Unterstützung für die Beschäftigung von Kurzarbeitern temporary employment subsidy;
• Unterstützung eines Bewerbers backing up of a candidate;
• Unterstützung für Familien mit abhängigen Familienangehörigen aid to families with dependent children;
• Unterstützung der obersten Führungskräfte durch Arbeitnehmervertreter multiple management;
• Unterstützung örtlicher Gebietskörperschaften help to local authorities;
• werbliche Unterstützung des Händlers dealer-aid advertising;
• Unterstützung der Industrie encouragement of industry;
• Unterstützung der Informationskampagnen in den Mitgliedstaaten support of member states’ information campaigns;
• Unterstützung der Minderheit minority support;
• Unterstützung in Notfällen emergency support;
• Unterstützung durch Öffentlichkeitsarbeit public-relations support;
• Unterstützung beider Parteien bipartisan support;
• Unterstützung vonseiten der Regierung government support;
• Unterstützung der kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) support for small and medium enterprises (SMEs);
• Unterstützung durch die Werbewirtschaft advertiser support;
• Unterstützung aus Wirtschaftskreisen business support;
• Unterstützung bei der Wohnungsbeschaffung subsidized housing;
• j. um Unterstützung angehen to call upon s. o. to give assistance;
• sich um Unterstützung bemühen to gun for support (US);
• Unterstützung beziehen (erhalten) to obtain (receive) state relief, to be (go) on the parish (town, US), to receive aid from a public poor fund, to be on relief, (Arbeitsloser) to draw unemployment benefit (Br.), to receive unemployment compensation (US), to be on (draw) the dole (Br.);
• Unterstützung einstellen to pull the plug (sl.);
• Unterstützung empfangen to go on relief rolls (US);
• Unterstützung entziehen to siphon support away;
• Geld zur Unterstützung für Sozialfälle geben to spend money in alms;
• allgemeine Unterstützung genießen to enjoy popular support;
• Unterstützung gewähren to grant relief;
• finanzielle Unterstützung gewähren to extend pecuniary assistance;
• j. zur Unterstützung heranziehen to enlist the services of s. o.;
• mit der vollen Unterstützung eines Ausschusses rechnen können to be solid with a committee;
• einem Unternehmen seine Unterstützung angedeihen lassen to confer one’s patronage upon an undertaking;
• der Exportwirtschaft jedmögliche Unterstützung zuteil werden lassen to shore up export industries;
• von staatlicher Unterstützung leben to live off government aid (assistance);
• auf Unterstützungen angewiesen sein to be dependent on alms;
• auf öffentliche Unterstützung angewiesen sein to be thrown upon the parish (on the town, US), to be a public charge;
• sich zur Unterstützung verpflichten to pledge one’s support;
• durch Unterstützungen unterhalten werden to be supported by voluntary contributions.
durch Anstaltsfürsorge indoor (institutional, Br.) relief -
7 Finanzabkommen
Finanzabkommen
financial agreement, monetary convention;
• Finanzabteilung finance (financial) department (division), fiscal division;
• Finanzaktien general credit shares;
• Finanzamt Tax and Revenue Office (US), Internal Revenue Office (US), tax (fiscal) office;
• Finanzamt betrügen to defraud the authorities (revenue);
• Finanzamtsbescheid tax demand (US);
• Finanzamtsleiter commissioner (collector) of internal revenue (US), inspector of taxes (Br.);
• Finanzanalyse financial analysis;
• Finanzanalytiker financial analyst;
• Finanzangelegenheiten financial affairs (concerns, matters);
• Finanzangelegenheiten verwalten to manage the finances;
• Finanzanlagen (Bilanz) investments;
• Finanzanzeige financial advertisement;
• Finanzapparat financial machinery;
• Finanzaufgaben treasury functions;
• Finanzaufkommen budgetary receipts, inland (Br.) (internal, US) revenue;
• gefälschte Finanzaufstellung false financial statement;
• Finanzaufwand revenue expenditure;
• Finanzausdruck financial term;
• Finanzausgleich tax (revenue) sharing (US), Exchequer Equalization Grant (Br.);
• Finanzausgleichsformel tax-sharing formula (US);
• Finanzausgleichstelle Board of Equalization;
• kommunale Finanzausgleichszuweisung rate support grant (Br.);
• Finanzauskunft status report;
• Finanzauskunftei status enquiry agency;
• Finanzausschuss finance committee, financial commission, (parl.) Committee of Ways and Means (Br.), appropriation committee (US);
• Finanzausweis financial statement (status) (US);
• Finanzautonomie financial autonomy;
• Finanzbeamter assessor [of taxes], tax assessor (US) (official), Inland Revenue Official (Br.) (Officer, US);
• örtlich zuständiger Finanzbeamter district collector (US);
• Finanzbedarf financial (monetary) requirements, financial needs, pecuniary wants;
• Finanzbehörden fiscal (treasury, inland revenue) authorities;
• Oberste Finanzbehörde Board of Inland Revenue (Br.), Internal Revenue Office (US);
• Finanzbeihilfe financial aid;
• Finanzbeitrag (EU) financial contribution;
• Finanzbeiträge der Mitgliedstaaten zum EU-Haushalt member states’ contributions to the European budget;
• Finanzberater financial adviser (analyst, consultant);
• Finanzberatung financial advice (counselling);
• Finanzberatung für Firmenkunden (Bank) merchant banking;
• Finanzbereich area of finance;
• Finanzbericht financial return, (Zeitung) city article (Br.);
• Finanzbesprechungen financial talks;
• Finanzboykott boycott of finance;
• Finanzbuchhalter financial (general) accountant;
• Finanzbuchhaltung financial accounting, general accounting department;
• Finanzchef, Finanzdirektor director of finance, treasurer (US);
• knappe Finanzdecke shortage of finance;
• Finanzdefizit deficit in the financial accounts;
• Finanzdienstleistler financial-services organisation (company, concern);
• Finanzdienstleistungsbranche financial-services industry;
• Finanzdirektor director of finance, treasurer (US);
• Finanzdirektor eines Konzerns group treasurer. -
8 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)Portugal joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, as a founding member. Besides complementing the Atlantic orientation of Portugal's foreign and defense policies, this membership also supported the country's close relationship with two leading members of NATO, Great Britain and the United States. Portugal's slight contribution to NATO in the first decades after joining was conditioned mainly by the fact that Portugal's primary concern was in defending its colonial empire, Portuguese India (1954-61) and in conducting several colonial wars in its African empire in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-74). One contentious question during this phase of Portugal's membership was the extent to which Portugal used NATO-issued equipment to fight those wars in Africa and Asia, since several of these colonial territories were neither on the Atlantic nor in NATO's jurisdiction (Mozambique and Portuguese India).The perceived strategic value of Portugal's key Atlantic archipelagos, the Azores and Madeiras, constituted Portugal's primary contribution to NATO and neutralized any U.S. ambivalence about the question of Portugal's NATO membership. The usefulness of Azores' air and naval bases, especially Lajes base at Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira Island, Azores, along with bases in continental Portugal and in the Madeira Islands, trumped international criticism of Portugal's colonial action and influenced American policy toward Portugal. This remained the situation until after the Yom Kippur war, an Arab-Israeli conflict, in October 1973, when Portugal, despite the risks to her energy supplies, gave the United States permission to use Azores bases for resupplying Israel.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 had an impact on Portugal's relationship to NATO. Leftist forces in Portugal were now in command, and Portuguese NATO delegates did not attend highly sensitive NATO defense briefings. But by 1980, after moderate military forces had ousted the radical leftists, Portugal's NATO roles returned to the routing. One of NATO's major subordinate commands became IBERLANT (Iberian Atlantic Command), under SACLANT (Supreme Commander Atlantic), located at Norfolk, Virginia. IBERLANT is located at Oeiras, Portugal and, in 1982, the IBERLAND commander for the first time was a Portuguese Vice Admiral. That same year, Spain joined NATO and, until 1986, when Spain decided not to join NATO's integrated military structure, Portugal was anxious that Portuguese commanders not be subordinate to Spanish commanders in NATO. As a key leader of IBERLANT, along with the representative units of Great Britain and the United States, Portugal's forces remain responsible for surveillance and patrolling of the area from central Portugal to the straits of Gibraltar.Portugal has made symbolic if modest contributions to NATO's mission in the Balkan conflicts beginning in the late 1990s and in Afghanistan since 2001. Among Portugal's contributions has been the service of medical units in Afghanistan.Historical dictionary of Portugal > North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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9 Breuer, Marcel Lajos
[br]b. 22 May 1902 Pécs, Hungaryd. 1 July 1981 New York (?), USA[br]Hungarian member of the European Bauhaus generation in the 1920s, who went on to become a leader in the modern school of architectural and furniture design in Europe and the United States.[br]Breuer began his student days following an art course in Vienna, but joined the Bauhaus at Weimar, where he later graduated, in 1920. When Gropius re-established the school in purpose-built structures at Dessau, Breuer became a member of the teaching staff in charge of the carpentry and furniture workshops. Much of his time there was spent in design and research into new materials being applied to furniture and interior decoration. The essence of his contribution was to relate the design of furniture to industrial production; in this field he developed the tubular-steel structure, especially in chair design, and experimented with aluminium as a furniture material as well as pieces of furniture made up from modular units. His furniture style was characterized by an elegance of line and a careful avoidance of superfluous detail. By 1926 he had furnished the Bauhaus with such furniture in chromium-plated steel, and two years later had developed a cantilevered chair.Breuer left the Bauhaus in 1928 and set up an architectural practice in Berlin. In the early 1930s he also spent some time in Switzerland. Notable from these years was his Harnischmacher Haus in Wiesbaden and his apartment buildings in the Dolderthal area of Zurich. His architectural work was at first influenced by constructivism, and then by that of Le Corbusier (see Charles-Edouard Jeanneret). In 1935 he moved to England, where in partnership with F.R.S. Yorke he built some houses and continued to practise furniture design. The Isokon Furniture Co. commissioned him to develop ideas that took advantage of the new bending and moulding processes in laminated wood, one result being his much-copied reclining chair.In 1937, like so many of the European architectural refugees from Nazism, he found himself under-occupied due to the reluctance of English clients to embrace the modern architectural movement. He went to the United States at Gropius's invitation to join him as a professor at Harvard. Breuer and Gropius were influential in training a new generation of American architects, and in particular they built a number of houses. This partnership ended in 1941 and Breuer set up practice in New York. His style of work from this time on was still modern, but became more varied. In housing, he adapted his style to American needs and used local materials in a functional manner. In the Whitney Museum (1966) he worked in a sculptural, granite-clad style. Often he utilized a bold reinforced-concrete form, as in his collaboration with Pier Luigi Nervi and Bernard Zehrfuss in the Paris UNESCO Building (1953–8) and the US Embassy in the Hague (1954–8). He displayed his masterly handling of poured concrete used in a strikingly expressionistic, sculptural manner in his St John's Abbey (1953–61) in Collegeville, Minnesota, and in 1973 his Church of St Francis de Sale in Michigan won him the top award of the American Institute of Architects.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Architects Medal of Honour 1964, Gold Medal 1968. Jefferson Foundation Medal 1968.Bibliography1955, Sun and Shadow, the Philosophy of an Architect, New York: Dodd Read (autobiography).Further ReadingC.Jones (ed.), 1963, Marcel Breuer: Buildings and Projects 1921–1961, New York: Praeger.T.Papachristou (ed.), 1970, Marcel Breuer: New Buildings and Projects 1960–1970, New York: Praeger.DY -
10 Perkins, Jacob
[br]b. 9 July 1766 Newburyport, Massachusetts, USAd. 30 July 1849 London, England[br]American inventor of a nail-making machine and a method of printing banknotes, investigator of the use of steam at very high pressures.[br]Perkins's occupation was that of a gold-and silversmith; while he does not seem to have followed this after 1800, however, it gave him the skills in working metals which he would continue to employ in his inventions. He had been working in America for four years before he patented his nail-making machine in 1796. At the time there was a great shortage of nails because only hand-forged ones were available. By 1800, other people had followed his example and produced automatic nail-making machines, but in 1811 Perkins' improved machines were introduced to England by J.C. Dyer. Eventually Perkins had twenty-one American patents for a range of inventions in his name.In 1799 Perkins invented a system of engraving steel plates for printing banknotes, which became the foundation of modern siderographic work. It discouraged forging and was adopted by many banking houses, including the Federal Government when the Second United States Bank was inaugurated in 1816. This led Perkins to move to Philadelphia. In the intervening years, Perkins had improved his nail-making machine, invented a machine for graining morocco leather in 1809, a fire-engine in 1812, a letter-lock for bank vaults and improved methods of rolling out spoons in 1813, and improved armament and equipment for naval ships from 1812 to 1815.It was in Philadelphia that Perkins became interested in the steam engine, when he met Oliver Evans, who had pioneered the use of high-pressure steam. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society and conducted experiments on the compressibility of water before a committee of that society. Perkins claimed to have liquified air during his experiments in 1822 and, if so, was the real discoverer of the liquification of gases. In 1819 he came to England to demonstrate his forgery-proof system of printing banknotes, but the Bank of England was the only one which did not adopt his system.While in London, Perkins began to experiment with the highest steam pressures used up to that time and in 1822 took out his first of nineteen British patents. This was followed by another in 1823 for a 10 hp (7.5 kW) engine with only 2 in. (51 mm) bore, 12 in. (305 mm) stroke but a pressure of 500 psi (35 kg/cm2), for which he claimed exceptional economy. After 1826, Perkins abandoned his drum boiler for iron tubes and steam pressures of 1,500 psi (105 kg/cm2), but the materials would not withstand such pressures or temperatures for long. It was in that same year that he patented a form of uniflow cylinder that was later taken up by L.J. Todd. One of his engines ran for five days, continuously pumping water at St Katherine's docks, but Perkins could not raise more finance to continue his experiments.In 1823 one his high-pressure hot-water systems was installed to heat the Duke of Wellington's house at Stratfield Saye and it acquired a considerable vogue, being used by Sir John Soane, among others. In 1834 Perkins patented a compression ice-making apparatus, but it did not succeed commercially because ice was imported more cheaply from Norway as ballast for sailing ships. Perkins was often dubbed "the American inventor" because his inquisitive personality allied to his inventive ingenuity enabled him to solve so many mechanical challenges.[br]Further ReadingHistorical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943, biography which appeared previously as a shortened version in the Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24.D.Bathe and G.Bathe, 1943–5, "The contribution of Jacob Perkins to science and engineering", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24.D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, From Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (includes comments on the importance of Perkins's steam engine).A.F.Dufton, 1940–1, "Early application of engineering to warming of buildings", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21 (includes a note on Perkins's application of a high-pressure hot-water heating system).RLH
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